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Competition

Topic Overview

Competition

Gender differences in willingness to compete have been a burgeoning area of academic interest, as competition is central to success in education, business, politics, and leadership. Identifying when and how women and men are most willing (and unwilling) to compete will inform structural designs to maximize gender-equal participation.

Emirati women do not shy away from competition: Evidence from a patriarchal society in transition

Women were more likely to compete than men in this study from the UAE.

Aurelie Dariel, Curtis Kephart, Nikos Nikiforakis, Christina Zenker (2017)

Insights into Sexism: Male Status and Performance Moderates Female-Directed Hostile and Amicable Behavior

In an online video game, lower-skilled male players are more hostile towards female players due to a female threat in a male-dominated social hierarchy.

Michael M. Kasumovic, Jeffrey H. Kuznekoff (2015)

The More You Know: Information Effects in Job Application Rates by Gender in a Large Field Experiment

Showing the number of current applicants for a job posting increases the likelihood that job seekers—especially women—will apply.

Laura Gee (2017)

No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing against Self

Though women are less willing than men to compete against others, they are equally willing to compete against their own past achievements, with similar boosts to performance.

Coren L. Apicella, Elif E. Demiral, Johanna Mollerstrom (2017)

Much Ado About Nothing? Observers’ Problematization of Women’s Same-Sex Conflict at Work

Conflict between women is perceived as more problematic than conflict between men, or conflict between a woman and a man—even in otherwise identical workplace scenarios.

Karl Aquino, Leah D. Sheppard (2013)

When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging with and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields as a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns

Recognizing that effort is normal and necessary for success, rather than emphasizing the importance of “natural talent”, can increase women’s sense of belonging and motivation to continue in male-dominated STEM fields.

Lauren Hawthorne, Sara D. Hodges, Karyn L. Lewis, Jessi L. Smith (2013)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Culture, Institutions, and the Gender Gap in Competitive Inclination: Evidence from the Communist Experiment in China

Cultural differences can impact the gender gap in competitiveness, as evidenced by three ethnic groups with differing gender role expectations in China.

Jane Zhang (2016)

Laboratory Evidence on the Effects of Sponsorship on the Competitive Preferences of Men and Women

Formalized workplace sponsorship programs benefit men far more than women, but harnessing the positive impact of sponsors’ confidence in female protégés’ abilities could help close gender gaps.

Katherine Baldiga Coffman, Nancy Baldiga (2015)

Men Too Sometimes Shy Away from Competition: The Case of Team Competition

Men’s high willingness to compete in individual tournaments decreases dramatically in team tournaments, while women are equally willing to compete individually or as part of a team.

Marie-Pierre Dargnies (2012)

Topic Overview

Competition

Insights into Sexism: Male Status and Performance Moderates Female-Directed Hostile and Amicable Behavior

In an online video game, lower-skilled male players are more hostile towards female players due to a female threat in a male-dominated social hierarchy.

Michael M. Kasumovic, Jeffrey H. Kuznekoff (2015)

No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing against Self

Though women are less willing than men to compete against others, they are equally willing to compete against their own past achievements, with similar boosts to performance.

Coren L. Apicella, Elif E. Demiral, Johanna Mollerstrom (2017)

When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging with and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields as a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns

Lauren Hawthorne, Sara D. Hodges, Karyn L. Lewis, Jessi L. Smith (2013)

Culture, Institutions, and the Gender Gap in Competitive Inclination: Evidence from the Communist Experiment in China

Cultural differences can impact the gender gap in competitiveness, as evidenced by three ethnic groups with differing gender role expectations in China.

Jane Zhang (2016)

Men Too Sometimes Shy Away from Competition: The Case of Team Competition

Men’s high willingness to compete in individual tournaments decreases dramatically in team tournaments, while women are equally willing to compete individually or as part of a team.

Marie-Pierre Dargnies (2012)

Emirati women do not shy away from competition: Evidence from a patriarchal society in transition

Women were more likely to compete than men in this study from the UAE.

Aurelie Dariel, Curtis Kephart, Nikos Nikiforakis, Christina Zenker (2017)

The More You Know: Information Effects in Job Application Rates by Gender in a Large Field Experiment

Showing the number of current applicants for a job posting increases the likelihood that job seekers—especially women—will apply.

Laura Gee (2017)

Much Ado About Nothing? Observers’ Problematization of Women’s Same-Sex Conflict at Work

Conflict between women is perceived as more problematic than conflict between men, or conflict between a woman and a man—even in otherwise identical workplace scenarios.

Karl Aquino, Leah D. Sheppard (2013)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Laboratory Evidence on the Effects of Sponsorship on the Competitive Preferences of Men and Women

Formalized workplace sponsorship programs benefit men far more than women, but harnessing the positive impact of sponsors’ confidence in female protégés’ abilities could help close gender gaps.

Katherine Baldiga Coffman, Nancy Baldiga (2015)