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Competition

Topic Overview

Competition

Gender differences in willingness to compete have been a burgeoning area of academic interest, as competition is central to success in education, business, politics, and leadership. Identifying when and how women and men are most willing (and unwilling) to compete will inform structural designs to maximize gender-equal participation.

Is Blinded Review Enough? How Gendered Outcomes Arise Even Under Anonymous Evaluation

Innovative research by women is underfunded because of gender differences in writing style.

Julian Kolev, Yuly Fuentes-Medel, Fiona E. Murray (2019)

We Ask Men to Win and Women Not to Lose: Closing the Gender Gap in Startup Funding

Start-up funders tend to ask men about how they will promote success and women about how they will prevent failure, contributing to the gender gap in funding allocation. Replying to prevention-focused questions with promotion-focused answers can help founders counter biased motivational questions.

Dana Kanze, Laura Huang, Mark A. Conley, E. Tory Higgins (2018)

Penalized or Protected? Gender and the Consequences of Nonstandard and Mismatched Employment Histories

Being in a job that underutilizes a person's skills is as damaging to a person's work history as a year of unemployment, and men are penalized for having part-time employment histories while women are not.

David Pedulla (2016)

Emirati women do not shy away from competition: Evidence from a patriarchal society in transition

Women were more likely to compete than men in this study from the UAE.

Aurelie Dariel, Curtis Kephart, Nikos Nikiforakis, Christina Zenker (2017)

Insights into Sexism: Male Status and Performance Moderates Female-Directed Hostile and Amicable Behavior

In an online video game, lower-skilled male players are more hostile towards female players due to a female threat in a male-dominated social hierarchy.

Michael M. Kasumovic, Jeffrey H. Kuznekoff (2015)

The More You Know: Information Effects in Job Application Rates by Gender in a Large Field Experiment

Showing the number of current applicants for a job posting increases the likelihood that job seekers—especially women—will apply.

Laura Gee (2018)

No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing against Self

Though women are less willing than men to compete against others, they are equally willing to compete against their own past achievements, with similar boosts to performance.

Coren L. Apicella, Elif E. Demiral, Johanna Mollerstrom (2017)

Much Ado About Nothing? Observers’ Problematization of Women’s Same-Sex Conflict at Work

Conflict between women is perceived as more problematic than conflict between men, or conflict between a woman and a man—even in otherwise identical workplace scenarios.

Leah D. Sheppard, Karl Aquino (2013)

When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging with and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields as a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns

Recognizing that effort is normal and necessary for success, rather than emphasizing the importance of “natural talent”, can increase women’s sense of belonging and motivation to continue in male-dominated STEM fields.

Jessi L. Smith, Karyn L. Lewis, Lauren Hawthorne, Sara D. Hodges (2013)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Topic Overview

Competition

We Ask Men to Win and Women Not to Lose: Closing the Gender Gap in Startup Funding

Dana Kanze, Laura Huang, Mark A. Conley, E. Tory Higgins (2018)

Emirati women do not shy away from competition: Evidence from a patriarchal society in transition

Women were more likely to compete than men in this study from the UAE.

Aurelie Dariel, Curtis Kephart, Nikos Nikiforakis, Christina Zenker (2017)

The More You Know: Information Effects in Job Application Rates by Gender in a Large Field Experiment

Showing the number of current applicants for a job posting increases the likelihood that job seekers—especially women—will apply.

Laura Gee (2018)

Much Ado About Nothing? Observers’ Problematization of Women’s Same-Sex Conflict at Work

Conflict between women is perceived as more problematic than conflict between men, or conflict between a woman and a man—even in otherwise identical workplace scenarios.

Leah D. Sheppard, Karl Aquino (2013)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Is Blinded Review Enough? How Gendered Outcomes Arise Even Under Anonymous Evaluation

Innovative research by women is underfunded because of gender differences in writing style.

Julian Kolev, Yuly Fuentes-Medel, Fiona E. Murray (2019)

Penalized or Protected? Gender and the Consequences of Nonstandard and Mismatched Employment Histories

David Pedulla (2016)

Insights into Sexism: Male Status and Performance Moderates Female-Directed Hostile and Amicable Behavior

In an online video game, lower-skilled male players are more hostile towards female players due to a female threat in a male-dominated social hierarchy.

Michael M. Kasumovic, Jeffrey H. Kuznekoff (2015)

No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing against Self

Though women are less willing than men to compete against others, they are equally willing to compete against their own past achievements, with similar boosts to performance.

Coren L. Apicella, Elif E. Demiral, Johanna Mollerstrom (2017)

When Trying Hard Isn’t Natural: Women’s Belonging with and Motivation for Male-Dominated STEM Fields as a Function of Effort Expenditure Concerns

Jessi L. Smith, Karyn L. Lewis, Lauren Hawthorne, Sara D. Hodges (2013)