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Quotas

Topic Overview

Quotas

Quotas are an increasingly popular – and sometimes controversial – approach to redressing gender disparities, but are they effective? Evidence suggests quotas on corporate boards and political offices could improve women’s participation in leadership roles. Explore research testing the effects of quotas in both business and politics.

Do Gender Quotas Really Reduce Bias? Evidence from a Policy Experiment in Southern Africa

There is weak evidence suggesting that young women in communities with a female quota changed their gender biases surrounding women's participation in politics.

Amanda Clayton (2018)

Gender quotas increase the equality and effectiveness of climate policy interventions

Representation of women in decision making groups increases the likelihood that climate policy interventions will be effective and that the benefits of the interventions will be shared equally.

Nathan J. Cook, Tara Grillos, Krister P. Andersson (2019)

Electoral Gender Quotas and Attitudes Toward Traditional Leaders: A Policy Experiment on Lesotho

Gender-based political quotas in Lesotho diminish the perceived power of traditional leaders, which in turn challenges patrilineal political systems that have previously kept women from holding political office.

Amanda Clayton (2014)

The Impact of Eliminating Affirmative Action on Minority and Female Employment: A Natural Experiment Approach Using State-Level Affirmative Action Laws and EEO-4 Data

Ending affirmative action programs significantly decreased diversity in the workplace, disproportionately hurting Asian women, Black women, and Hispanic men.

Fidan Ana Kurtulus (2013)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

How Costly is Diversity? Affirmative Action in Light of Gender Differences in Competitiveness

Affirmative action improves women’s willingness to compete.

Muriel Niederle, Carmit Segal, Lise Vesterlund (2013)

The Power of Political Voice: Women’s Political Representation and Crime in India

Mandated political representation for women results in a large increase in reporting for crimes against women and minorities.

Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, Petia Topalova (2012)

Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India

Seeing is believing: Female leaders’ presence narrows the gender gap in girls’ aspirations and advancement in education.

Lori Beaman, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, Petia Topalova (2012)

The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation

Quotas for corporate boards are effective in increasing gender diversity, but in Norway imposed costs on firms and shareholders.

Kenneth Ahern, Amy K Dittmar (2012)

The Gender of Caste: Identity, Political Reservations and Access to Water Resources in Rural India

A village councilor’s caste was more salient than their gender in their decisions to determine access to water for low caste communities.

Pinar Keskin (2010)

Topic Overview

Quotas

Gender quotas increase the equality and effectiveness of climate policy interventions

Representation of women in decision making groups increases the likelihood that climate policy interventions will be effective and that the benefits of the interventions will be shared equally.

Nathan J. Cook, Tara Grillos, Krister P. Andersson (2019)

The Impact of Eliminating Affirmative Action on Minority and Female Employment: A Natural Experiment Approach Using State-Level Affirmative Action Laws and EEO-4 Data

Ending affirmative action programs significantly decreased diversity in the workplace, disproportionately hurting Asian women, Black women, and Hispanic men.

Fidan Ana Kurtulus (2013)

How Costly is Diversity? Affirmative Action in Light of Gender Differences in Competitiveness

Affirmative action improves women’s willingness to compete.

Muriel Niederle, Carmit Segal, Lise Vesterlund (2013)

Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India

Seeing is believing: Female leaders’ presence narrows the gender gap in girls’ aspirations and advancement in education.

Lori Beaman, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, Petia Topalova (2012)

The Gender of Caste: Identity, Political Reservations and Access to Water Resources in Rural India

A village councilor’s caste was more salient than their gender in their decisions to determine access to water for low caste communities.

Pinar Keskin (2010)

Do Gender Quotas Really Reduce Bias? Evidence from a Policy Experiment in Southern Africa

There is weak evidence suggesting that young women in communities with a female quota changed their gender biases surrounding women's participation in politics.

Amanda Clayton (2018)

Electoral Gender Quotas and Attitudes Toward Traditional Leaders: A Policy Experiment on Lesotho

Amanda Clayton (2014)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

The Power of Political Voice: Women’s Political Representation and Crime in India

Mandated political representation for women results in a large increase in reporting for crimes against women and minorities.

Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, Petia Topalova (2012)

The Changing of the Boards: The Impact on Firm Valuation of Mandated Female Board Representation

Quotas for corporate boards are effective in increasing gender diversity, but in Norway imposed costs on firms and shareholders.

Kenneth Ahern, Amy K Dittmar (2012)

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