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Browse 270 studies aiming to close gender gaps.

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Political Representation

Topic Overview

Political Representation

Women make up more than half the world’s population, yet are severely, and almost universally, underrepresented in elected office as a result of financial, social, and legal barriers. Discover interventions to close the gender gap in politics and leverage women’s skills for the public good.

Women Want an Answer! Field Experiments on Elected Officials and Gender Bias

Female elected officials are particularly responsive to female constituents, suggesting a greater number of women in office would lead to higher quality representation for women.

Gabriele Magni, Zoila Ponce de Leon (2020)

Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test

Framing the Black Lives Matter movement through Black nationalist, feminist, or LGBTQ+ rights lenses produces varied effects on African Americans' attitudes about the movement and willingness to support it.

Tabitha Bonilla, Alvin B. Tillery Jr (2020)

Why the Gender of Traditional Authorities Matters: Intersectionality and Women's Rights Advocacy in Malawi

In Malawi, female traditional leaders are more effective in bolstering support for child marriage reforms than their state or male counterparts.

Ragnhild L. Muriaas, Vibeke Wang, Lindsay J. Benstead, Boniface Dulani, Lise Rakner (2019)

Language Influences Public Attitudes toward Gender Equality

People speaking genderless languages, (i.e. languages without references to objects as male or female), may exhibit more egalitarian views about women's roles in politics and society.

Efrén O. Pérez, Margit Tavits (2019)

“We for She”: Mobilising men and women to act in solidarity for gender equality

Men have more support for gender equality when they are positioned as agents of change for a common cause.

Emina Subašić, Stephanie Hardacre, Benjamin Elton, Nyla R. Branscombe, Michelle K. Ryan, Katherine J. Reynolds (2018)

Are You My Mentor? A Field Experiment on Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Self-Starters

Gender does not significantly influence willingness to mentor within politics, but ethnicity may.

Joshua Kalla, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Dawn L. Teele (2018)

Gender, race, and political ambition: How intersectionality and frames influence interest in political office

Women may be encouraged to run for office when structural rather than personal challenges are emphasized to explain the gender gap, but effects vary by race and ethnicity.

Mirya R. Holman, Monica C. Schneider (2016)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Using the Qur’an to Empower Arab Women? Theory and Experimental Evidence From Egypt

Egyptian men and women respond more favorably to an argument for women’s political leadership that draws on the Qur’ān than to an argument based on scientific studies.

Tarek Masoud, Amaney Jamal, Elizabeth Nugent (2016)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

Topic Overview

Political Representation

Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test

Tabitha Bonilla, Alvin B. Tillery Jr (2020)

Language Influences Public Attitudes toward Gender Equality

People speaking genderless languages, (i.e. languages without references to objects as male or female), may exhibit more egalitarian views about women's roles in politics and society.

Efrén O. Pérez, Margit Tavits (2019)

Are You My Mentor? A Field Experiment on Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Self-Starters

Gender does not significantly influence willingness to mentor within politics, but ethnicity may.

Joshua Kalla, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Dawn L. Teele (2018)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

Women Want an Answer! Field Experiments on Elected Officials and Gender Bias

Female elected officials are particularly responsive to female constituents, suggesting a greater number of women in office would lead to higher quality representation for women.

Gabriele Magni, Zoila Ponce de Leon (2020)

Why the Gender of Traditional Authorities Matters: Intersectionality and Women's Rights Advocacy in Malawi

In Malawi, female traditional leaders are more effective in bolstering support for child marriage reforms than their state or male counterparts.

Ragnhild L. Muriaas, Vibeke Wang, Lindsay J. Benstead, Boniface Dulani, Lise Rakner (2019)

“We for She”: Mobilising men and women to act in solidarity for gender equality

Men have more support for gender equality when they are positioned as agents of change for a common cause.

Emina Subašić, Stephanie Hardacre, Benjamin Elton, Nyla R. Branscombe, Michelle K. Ryan, Katherine J. Reynolds (2018)

Gender, race, and political ambition: How intersectionality and frames influence interest in political office

Women may be encouraged to run for office when structural rather than personal challenges are emphasized to explain the gender gap, but effects vary by race and ethnicity.

Mirya R. Holman, Monica C. Schneider (2016)

Using the Qur’an to Empower Arab Women? Theory and Experimental Evidence From Egypt

Egyptian men and women respond more favorably to an argument for women’s political leadership that draws on the Qur’ān than to an argument based on scientific studies.

Tarek Masoud, Amaney Jamal, Elizabeth Nugent (2016)

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