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Political Representation

Topic Overview

Political Representation

Women make up more than half the world’s population, yet are severely, and almost universally, underrepresented in elected office as a result of financial, social, and legal barriers. Discover interventions to close the gender gap in politics and leverage women’s skills for the public good.

“We for She”: Mobilising men and women to act in solidarity for gender equality

Men have more support for gender equality when they are positioned as agents of change for a common cause.

Emina Subašić, Stephanie Hardacre, Benjamin Elton, Nyla R. Branscombe, Michelle K. Ryan, Katherine J. Reynolds (2018)

Are You My Mentor? A Field Experiment on Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Self-Starters

Gender does not significantly influence willingness to mentor within politics, but ethnicity may.

Joshua Kalla, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Dawn L. Teele (2018)

Gender, race, and political ambition: How intersectionality and frames influence interest in political office

Women may be encouraged to run for office when structural rather than personal challenges are emphasized to explain the gender gap, but effects vary by race and ethnicity.

Mirya R. Holman, Monica C. Schneider (2016)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Using the Qur’an to Empower Arab Women? Theory and Experimental Evidence From Egypt

Egyptian men and women respond more favorably to an argument for women’s political leadership that draws on the Qur’ān than to an argument based on scientific studies.

Tarek Masoud, Amaney Jamal, Elizabeth Nugent (2016)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India

Quotas have continuing positive effects on women’s political representation at least one cycle after they are withdrawn.

Rikhil Bhavnani (2009)

Path-Breakers: How Does Women’s Political Participation Respond to Electoral Success?

Women’s electoral success leads to an increase in female candidacy in subsequent elections.

Sonia Bhalotra, Irma Clots-Figueras, Lakshmi Iyer (2013)

The Power of Political Voice: Women’s Political Representation and Crime in India

Mandated political representation for women results in a large increase in reporting for crimes against women and minorities.

Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, Petia Topalova (2012)

Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India

Seeing is believing: Female leaders’ presence narrows the gender gap in girls’ aspirations and advancement in education.

Lori Beaman, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, Petia Topalova (2012)

Topic Overview

Political Representation

Are You My Mentor? A Field Experiment on Gender, Ethnicity, and Political Self-Starters

Gender does not significantly influence willingness to mentor within politics, but ethnicity may.

Joshua Kalla, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Dawn L. Teele (2018)

Why Women Don’t Run: Experimental Evidence on Gender Differences in Political Competition Aversion

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Jessica Preece, Olga Stoddard (2015)

Empowering Women through Development Aid: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Andrew Beath, Fotini Christia, Ruben Enikolopov (2013)

Path-Breakers: How Does Women’s Political Participation Respond to Electoral Success?

Women’s electoral success leads to an increase in female candidacy in subsequent elections.

Sonia Bhalotra, Irma Clots-Figueras, Lakshmi Iyer (2013)

Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India

Seeing is believing: Female leaders’ presence narrows the gender gap in girls’ aspirations and advancement in education.

Lori Beaman, Esther Duflo, Rohini Pande, Petia Topalova (2012)

“We for She”: Mobilising men and women to act in solidarity for gender equality

Men have more support for gender equality when they are positioned as agents of change for a common cause.

Emina Subašić, Stephanie Hardacre, Benjamin Elton, Nyla R. Branscombe, Michelle K. Ryan, Katherine J. Reynolds (2018)

Gender, race, and political ambition: How intersectionality and frames influence interest in political office

Women may be encouraged to run for office when structural rather than personal challenges are emphasized to explain the gender gap, but effects vary by race and ethnicity.

Mirya R. Holman, Monica C. Schneider (2016)

Using the Qur’an to Empower Arab Women? Theory and Experimental Evidence From Egypt

Egyptian men and women respond more favorably to an argument for women’s political leadership that draws on the Qur’ān than to an argument based on scientific studies.

Tarek Masoud, Amaney Jamal, Elizabeth Nugent (2016)

Do Electoral Quotas Work after They Are Withdrawn? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India

Quotas have continuing positive effects on women’s political representation at least one cycle after they are withdrawn.

Rikhil Bhavnani (2009)

The Power of Political Voice: Women’s Political Representation and Crime in India

Mandated political representation for women results in a large increase in reporting for crimes against women and minorities.

Lakshmi Iyer, Anandi Mani, Prachi Mishra, Petia Topalova (2012)