Switching from a plurality to a proportional representation system increases equality in electoral participation along one central dimension: gender.

In the U.S., female candidates are no more likely to quit politics after suffering an electoral loss than their male counterparts.

There is weak evidence suggesting that young women in communities with a female quota changed their gender biases surrounding women's participation in politics.

Quotas that force political parties to increase the number of female candidates have a neutral or beneficial effect on the parties' electability.

For Black voters, skin tone and hairstyle may play important, interactive roles in their responses to Black women candidates.

Exposure to gender role models increases women’s interest in political current events but does not increase their ambition to become involved in politics.

Being socialized at a young age in a society with female political empowerment, specifically women’s suffrage, increases a girl’s likelihood to participate in the labor force, divorce, and attain education as an adult.

A civic education course successfully improved political knowledge among women in Mali, but had a negative impact on their civic participation.

Women and men are equally likely to volunteer as group representatives when chosen randomly, but women are less likely than men to run in an election.

For women in rural China, training on voting rights and responsibilities increased their participation in village elections.