Men whose gender identity was threatened demonstrate stronger masculine preferences (such as belief in male superiority) and dominant attitudes, and men with high testosterone levels showed significantly strong reactions to masculinity threats.

While public recognition for altruism inspires some people to donate more, women tend to choose contributions closer to the average, suggesting that they do not want positive or negative attention.

Cultural differences can impact the gender gap in competitiveness, as evidenced by three ethnic groups with differing gender role expectations in China.

Women have a higher number of life goals than men, though a smaller proportion of these goals involves achieving power at work. Women also find high-level positions just as attainable but much less desirable than men, anticipating more negative outcomes and greater conflict with other life goals.

Setting politically correct norms helps promote the free expression of ideas in mixed-sex work groups by reducing anxiety about sharing potentially offensive ideas.

Both male and female employers are less likely to hire women for arithmetic tasks, even though both genders perform equally well.  This gap persists even when employers receive information about the candidate’s past performance.

When female math, science, and engineering students view situations in which they are the minority, they experience more physiological and cognitive vigilance and a lower sense of belonging. 

A business skills training program for female microfinance clients in Peru had little effect improving business performance and did not increase women’s decision making power at home.

While generally women are more risk averse than men, when women have even small amount of income, they are more willing to take future risks. Instead, men increase their risk-taking after winning, even if the odds do not favor them subsequently.

Kenyan women are more likely to contribute funds to the greater public good in environments absent of gender and ethnic diversity.