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Browse 270 studies aiming to close gender gaps.

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Reproductive and Sexual Health

Topic Overview

Reproductive and Sexual Health

Lack of sexual education, access to contraceptives, and autonomy over fertility choices can lead to sexually transmitted infections and early pregnancy. Learn about public policy interventions that prevent the spread of STIs, as well as recommendations on how successful interventions can be improved and implemented in larger populations.

Defending the Sex/Gender Binary: The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure

In the United Kingdom and Sweden, psychological factors including gender identification and need for closure are associated with binary gender/sex views, prejudice toward non-binary people, and opposition to gender-neutral pronouns.

Thekla Morgenroth, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Anna Lindqvist, Emma Aurora Renström, Michelle Kim Ryan, Thomas Morton (2021)

Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work

Criminalizing sex work in low-income settings like Indonesia decreases earnings of the female sex workers and increases the prevalence of STI infections.

Lisa Cameron, Jennifer Seager, Manisha Shah (2021)

Girls’ education and HIV risk: Evidence from Uganda

Girls’ enrollment in secondary education significantly increased girls’ likelihood of abstaining from sex, and thereby decreased the prevalence of HIV/AIDS for girls in Uganda.

Marcella M. Alsan, David M. Cutler (2013)

Seeds of Prevention: The Impact on Health Behaviors of Young Adolescent Girls in Uttar Pradesh, India, a Cluster Randomized Control Trial

An integrated, school-based intervention among girls in early adolescence led to healthier behaviors in nutrition, hygiene, reproductive health, and use of health services.

Nandita Kapadia-Kundu, Douglas Storey, Basil Safi, Geetali Trivedi, Rama Tupe, G. Narayana (2014)

Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda

A community mobilization intervention piloted in Uganda significantly reduced social acceptance of gender inequality and intimate partner violence (IPV), as well as actual experience of IPV and risky sexual behavior.

Tanya Abramsky, Karen Devries, Ligia Kiss, Janet Nakuti, Nambusi Kyegombe, Elizabeth Starmann, Bonnie Cundill, Leilani Francisco, Dan Kaye, Tina Musuya, Lori Michau, Charlotte Watts (2014)

Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya

Lowering the barriers to education by providing free school uniforms lowered girls’ and boys’ dropout rates, reduced teen pregnancy within marriage, and decreased teen marriage rates.

Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Michael Kremer (2015)

Women’s Empowerment in Action: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Africa

A combination of vocational and life skill training improves adolescent girls’ income-generating opportunities and social empowerment while reducing early childbearing and desired fertility rates.

Oriana Bandiera, Niklas Buehren, Robin Burgess, Markus Goldstein, Selim Gulesci, Imran Rasul, Munshi Sulaiman (2020)

Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility: An Experimental Study in Zambia

Enabling a woman to make her own decision about having children -- independently from her husband -- can reduce unwanted pregnancies.

Nava Ashraf, Erica Field, Jean Lee (2014)

Sex Workers, Stigma and Self-Belief: Evidence from a Psychological Training Program in India

Sex workers who undergo a comprehensive training program focused on improved agency and psychological empowerment exhibit positive changes in self-esteem, outlook, future-orientation, and health and economic behaviors.

Sayantan Ghosal, Smarajit Jana, Anandi Mani, Sandip Mitra, Sanchari Roy (2013)

Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment

Conditional cash transfers improve educational outcomes, while at the same time, unconditional cash transfers reduce teenage pregnancy and marriage.

Sarah Baird, Craig McIntosh, Berk Özler (2011)

Topic Overview

Reproductive and Sexual Health

Crimes Against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work

Criminalizing sex work in low-income settings like Indonesia decreases earnings of the female sex workers and increases the prevalence of STI infections.

Lisa Cameron, Jennifer Seager, Manisha Shah (2021)

Seeds of Prevention: The Impact on Health Behaviors of Young Adolescent Girls in Uttar Pradesh, India, a Cluster Randomized Control Trial

An integrated, school-based intervention among girls in early adolescence led to healthier behaviors in nutrition, hygiene, reproductive health, and use of health services.

Nandita Kapadia-Kundu, Douglas Storey, Basil Safi, Geetali Trivedi, Rama Tupe, G. Narayana (2014)

Education, HIV, and Early Fertility: Experimental Evidence from Kenya

Lowering the barriers to education by providing free school uniforms lowered girls’ and boys’ dropout rates, reduced teen pregnancy within marriage, and decreased teen marriage rates.

Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Michael Kremer (2015)

Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility: An Experimental Study in Zambia

Enabling a woman to make her own decision about having children -- independently from her husband -- can reduce unwanted pregnancies.

Nava Ashraf, Erica Field, Jean Lee (2014)

Cash or Condition? Evidence from a Cash Transfer Experiment

Conditional cash transfers improve educational outcomes, while at the same time, unconditional cash transfers reduce teenage pregnancy and marriage.

Sarah Baird, Craig McIntosh, Berk Özler (2011)

Defending the Sex/Gender Binary: The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure

Thekla Morgenroth, Marie Gustafsson Sendén, Anna Lindqvist, Emma Aurora Renström, Michelle Kim Ryan, Thomas Morton (2021)

Girls’ education and HIV risk: Evidence from Uganda

Girls’ enrollment in secondary education significantly increased girls’ likelihood of abstaining from sex, and thereby decreased the prevalence of HIV/AIDS for girls in Uganda.

Marcella M. Alsan, David M. Cutler (2013)

Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda

Tanya Abramsky, Karen Devries, Ligia Kiss, Janet Nakuti, Nambusi Kyegombe, Elizabeth Starmann, Bonnie Cundill, Leilani Francisco, Dan Kaye, Tina Musuya, Lori Michau, Charlotte Watts (2014)

Women’s Empowerment in Action: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Africa

A combination of vocational and life skill training improves adolescent girls’ income-generating opportunities and social empowerment while reducing early childbearing and desired fertility rates.

Oriana Bandiera, Niklas Buehren, Robin Burgess, Markus Goldstein, Selim Gulesci, Imran Rasul, Munshi Sulaiman (2020)

Sex Workers, Stigma and Self-Belief: Evidence from a Psychological Training Program in India

Sayantan Ghosal, Smarajit Jana, Anandi Mani, Sandip Mitra, Sanchari Roy (2013)

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