Women may be encouraged to run for office when structural rather than personal challenges are emphasized to explain the gender gap, but effects vary by race and ethnicity.

Highlighting the competitive nature of the political process discourages politically active women—but not men—from seeking information on running for office.

Egyptian men and women respond more favorably to an argument for women’s political leadership that draws on the Qur’ān than to an argument based on scientific studies.

Mandating female participation in local governance increases female mobility and involvement in village councils, but does not affect overall perceptions of the role of women in society.

Quotas have continuing positive effects on women’s political representation at least one cycle after they are withdrawn.  

Women’s electoral success leads to an increase in female candidacy in subsequent elections.

Mandated political representation for women results in a large increase in reporting for crimes against women and minorities.

Seeing is believing: Female leaders’ presence narrows the gender gap in girls’ aspirations and advancement in education.

Being in a position of power in a group increases the volubility of men, but not the volubility of women.

Men who are employed in jobs that are strongly associated with women, and vice versa, are more strongly penalized for making mistakes than those in positions associated with their own gender.