In the United Kingdom and Sweden, psychological factors including gender identification and need for closure are associated with binary gender/sex views, prejudice toward non-binary people, and opposition to gender-neutral pronouns.

Simple advice can be a powerful and effective tool in reducing gender differences in willingness to compete.

In the Swedish labor market, the prevalence of either men or women in particular occupations cannot be explained by hiring discrimination.

Gender gaps in risk taking and altruism—two differences offered as contributing factors to wage and labor market gender gaps—begin by adolescence, where girls are found to be more altruistic, less risk taking, and equally as competitive as boys, except in the area of math.

Women show a significantly lower propensity to initiate negotiations for higher compensation than men, which is amplified when their negotiation counterpart is female.

Boys and girls in Sweden compete equally, even in areas of competition that are clearly identified as female- or male-typed.