Investors preferred pitches presented by male entrepreneurs compared to pitches made by female entrepreneurs, even when the content of the pitch is the same. Attractive men were particularly persuasive, whereas physical attractiveness did not matter among female entrepreneurs.

Setting politically correct norms helps promote the free expression of ideas in mixed-sex work groups by reducing anxiety about sharing potentially offensive ideas.

While gender stereotypes encourage more men to pursue entrepreneurship than women, explicitly stating that there is a stereotype can actually help nullify it.

Stereotype threat affects women, but not men, resulting in their underperformance on counter-stereotypical tasks like math.

Formalized workplace sponsorship programs benefit men far more than women, but harnessing the positive impact of sponsors’ confidence in female protégés’ abilities could help close gender gaps.

Gender gaps are more likely to emerge in negotiations when there is a lack of clarity about compensation or price standards.

Mentoring young female professors in economics, an academic field in which women are historically underrepresented, can lead to an increase in their likelihood of staying in academia and of receiving tenure at a top 30 or 50 economics program in the world,  relative to their peers without mentors.

When female math, science, and engineering students view situations in which they are the minority, they experience more physiological and cognitive vigilance and a lower sense of belonging. 

Organizations that emphasize merit-based cultures, while intending to increase opportunities, fairness, and equity, may inadvertently be disadvantaging women.

High-level female role models, whose success seems unattainable, negatively affects younger women’s self-perceptions and leadership aspirations; however, mid-level female role models do not.